The Development of the Malaysian Cultural Elements Framework
Abstract
Multiracial and multi-ethnic people make Malaysia what it is today: a diverse nation. The cultural traditions of Malaysia passed down from generation to generation, are heavily influenced by the country's origin story. Nevertheless, there aren't many authoritative sources or in-depth analyses that examine certain aspects of Malaysian culture. As a result, in-depth research into Malaysian cultural elements is required. This research aims to identify cultural aspects in general, while the second objective will focus on identifying the cultural elements of Malaysian culture. The method for identifying Malaysian culture is through an integrative literature review, in which all literature sources explaining culture as general and Malaysian cultural characteristics and elements are analyzed. The outcomes of this research indicate that the elements of Malaysian culture fall into material things such as architecture, archaeological artifacts, clothing, art, food, and pastimes. In contrast, non-material culture consists of norms, symbols, knowledge, ceremonies, festivals, language, social institutions, and social structure. Future scholars will refer to the research results from this study as a reference, particularly in the definition of Malaysian culture from diverse study disciplines. To have a more thorough and in-depth knowledge of Malaysian culture, it is recommended that future studies on Malaysian culture expand the factors that focus primarily on the development of Malaysian culture.
Keywords: Malaysian, Cultural, Elements, Framework
References
A Glance At The Malaysian Education System. (2022, May 12). https://www.studymalaysia.com/international/the-national-education-system/a-glance-at-the-malaysian-education-system
Abdulla, M. R. (2018). Culture, Religion, and Freedom of Religion or Belief. The Review of Faith & International Affairs, 16(4), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2018.1535033
Architecture. (n.d.-a). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/architecture
Architecture. (n.d.-b). Retrieved January 25, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/architecture
Art. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/art
Artifacts. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/artifact
Attitudes. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/attitudes
Awang Pawi, A. A. (2010). Sarawak Malay Material Culture and their Weltanschauung : Some Preliminary Research Themes and Findings. The 2 Nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences , 1–11. http://fs.libarts.psu.ac.th/research/conference/proceedings-2/5pdf/002.pdf
Batina, K. (2009). Cultural Studies and its Contribution to Understanding the Phenomena of Rapid Museum Growth. http://www.egmus.minuskel.de
Belief. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/belief
Ceremony. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ceremony
Class. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/class
Clothing. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/clothing
Cognitive. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/cognitive
Collection of Museum Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2023, from http://www.jmm.gov.my/en/content/collection-museum-malaysia
Cuisines in Malaysia. (2018, January 28). https://www.asiaone.com/travel/cuisines-malaysia
Culture and Morality . (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://open.maricopa.edu/culturepsychology/part/culture-and-morality/
Custom. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/custom
Dance. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/dance
Deraman, A. A. (2001). Masyarakat Dan Kebudayaan Malaysia - A. Aziz Deraman. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Detlef, P. (2017, June 29). Value Systems, Attitudes and Cultures. https://www.24hourtranslation.com/value-systems-attitudes-and-culture.html
Drew, C. (2022, December 14). 18 Major Elements Of Culture.
Economy. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/economy
Education. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/education
Eriksen, T. H. (2004). What is anthropology? Pluto Press.
Evason, N. (2016). Malaysian Culture. https://culturalatlas.sbs.com.au/malaysian-culture/malaysian-culture-core-concepts
Famous Handicrafts and Arts of Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 25, 2023, from http://www.kualalumpurhospitality.com/blog/famous-handicrafts-and-arts-of-malaysia
Festivals. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/festivals
Food. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/food
Gill, T. G. (2013). Culture, Complexity, and Informing: How Shared Beliefs Can Enhance Our Search for Fitness. Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, 16, 71–98. http://www.inform.nu/Articles/Vol16/ISJv16p071-098GillFT87.pdf
Government. (n.d.-a). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/government
Government. (n.d.-b). Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-malaysia/government/
Greif, A. (1994). Cultural Beliefs and the Organization of Society: A Historical and Theoretical Reflection on Collectivist and Individualist Societies. Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 912–950. https://doi.org/10.1086/261959
Habermas, T. (2001). Objects, Material. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271521901_Material_objects
Holidays. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.learning-english-online.net/more/cultural-studies/holidays/
How Can Clothes Represent Culture? (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://holrmagazine.com/how-can-clothes-represent-culture/
Idea. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/idea
James. (2012, June 19). History Of Malaysian Art. https://www.arts.com.my/arts-guide/culture-history/history-of-malaysian-art
Kamal, R. (2019, September). Things you didn’t know about the Malaysian national symbols. https://goingplaces.malaysiaairlines.com/things-you-didnt-know-about-the-malaysian-national-symbols/
Kaur, A., & Kaur, M. (2016). The Study of Components of Culture: Values , Norms, Materials Objects ,Language And Culture Change. International Journal of Science Technology and Management, 5(12), 140–152.
Kenton, W. (2022, August 12). Economy: What It Is, Types of Economies, Economic Indicators. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economy.asp
Knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/knowledge
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., & Keltner, D. (2011). Social class as culture: The convergence of resources and rank in the social realm. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 246–250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414654
Kun, O. H., & Mat Nayan, S. (n.d.). Promoting malaysian traditional games.
Language. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/language
Lebron, A. (2013). What Is Culture. Merit Research Jpurnals, 1(6), 126–132.
Malaysian Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved January 18, 2023, from https://www.nottingham.edu.my/International/LifeinMalaysia/Culture/Malaysian-Culture.aspx
Malaysian Language Overview: Exploring the 137 Languages of Malaysia. (2021). https://www.tomedes.com/translator-hub/malaysian-language
Manner. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manner
Manners. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/manners
Mansoor, S. (2022, February). Malaysian Culture Through the Lens of Artisanal Crafts. https://www.tuzmo.com/arts-crafts-and-artisans-of-malaysia/
Martin, J. (2020, March 6). Cultural Dance– A Way of Life.
Material and Non‐Material Culture. (n.d.).
Material Object. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.powerthesaurus.org/material_object/synonyms
Mathews, S. M., & S, A. (2020). Role of Education in Transmitting Culture in Society. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339816271_Role_of_Education_in_Transmitting_Culture_in_Society
Mcdowall, C. (2013, June 16). Society And Culture – Codes Of Behaviour And Manners Matter. https://www.thecultureconcept.com/society-and-culture-codes-of-behaviour-and-manners-matter
Mokhtaruddin, M. A. (2020, April 15). Pembudayaan Ilmu. https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2020/04/15/pembudayaan-ilmu/
Moral. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/moral
Morals. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/morals
Mun, H. W. (2007). Malaysian Economic Development Issues and Debates.
Music. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/music
Myth. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/myth
Myths. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/myths
Naili, N., AB Karim, S., Ghazali, H., & Krauss, S. E. (2018). The Globalization of Malaysia National Cuisine: A Concept of “Gastrodiplomacy.” In Journal of Tourism, Hospitality & Culinary Arts (JTHCA) 2018 (Vol. 10, Issue 1).
Nickerson, C. (2022, June 23). Social Institutions in Sociology: Definition & Examples. https://simplysociology.com/social-institution.html
Norms. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/norms
Outfit. (n.d.-a). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outfit
Outfit. (n.d.-b). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/outfit
Pastimes. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/pastime
People of Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/People
Policies. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/policies
Policy. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/policy
Rachmadtullah, R. (2018). Education as the Culture process. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Approach and Studies , 5(3).
Religions. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/religion
Rituals. (n.d.-a). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/rituals
Rituals. (n.d.-b). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/rituals
Saat, I. (2009). Malaysia 1945-2000. Utussan publication & distributors sdn bhd.
Sahari, F., Hasan, R., Lucas, T., Angat, N. F., & Hasbi, Z. F. (2020). Material Culture A Digital Documentation of the Art and Culture of the. Akademika, 90(2), 115–126.
Security of Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, 2023, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Malaysia/Security
Senarai Terkini Menteri Kabinet Malaysia 2022-2027 Kerajaan Baharu. (2022, December 19). https://www.infosentral.my/menteri-kabinet/
Sibal, V. (2018, September). Food: Identity of Culture and Religion, ResearchGate.
Social Hierarchy. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/social-hierarchy
Social Institutions. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.powerthesaurus.org/social_institutions/synonyms
Social Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/social%20organization
Social Status. (n.d.).
Social Structure. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/social%20structure
Sports. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/sports
Status. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/status
Swarbrick, N. (2012, May 19). Manners and social behaviour. https://teara.govt.nz/en/manners-and-social-behaviour/print
Symbols. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/symbols
Taboos. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/taboo
Tajuddin, F. N. (2019). Cultural and Social Identity in Clothing Matters “Different Cultures, Different Meanings.”
Tharp, B. M. (n.d.). Defining “Culture” and “Organizational Culture”: From Anthropology to the Office. Retrieved
January 14, 2023, from https://www.thercfgroup.com/files/resources/Defining-Culture-and-Organizationa-Culture_5.pdf
The Cultural Myths Of America. (2017, May 16). https://www.ukessays.com/essays/sociology/the-cultural-myths-of-america-sociology-essay.php
The Elements of Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/3-2-the-elements-of-culture/
The Importance of Ceremony. (2021, January 27). https://www.celebrants.org.au/blog/entry/ceremonies-and-celebrations/the-importance-of-ceremony
Thompson, W. E., Hickey, J. v., & Thompson, M. L. (2016). Society and Culture. In Society in Focus An Introduction to Sociology Eighth Edition (pp. 56–85). Rowman & Littlefield Publication.
Traditional Clothes among Malaysians. (2021). https://www.iiumeducare.edu.my/traditional-clothes-among-malaysians/
Traditional Clothes of Malaysia - Vibrancy and Diversity at its Best. (n.d.). Retrieved January 26, 2023, from https://www.holidify.com/pages/traditonal-clothes-of-malaysia-3820.html
Travica, B. (2013). Conceptualizing Knowledge Culture. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 1(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262802609
Types, Elements & Subsets of Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/types-elements-subsets-of-culture.html
Values. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/values
Wahid, J., Abdullah, A., Salleh, B., & Arar, M. (2021). Classification of Malaysian Architecture Revisited. Review of Urbanism and Architectural Studies (RUAS), 19(1), 48–56. https://www.hmetro.com.my
What are the Basic Elements of Culture? (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://historyplex.com/what-are-elements-of-culture
What is Cultural Competence & How is it Measured? (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://diversityofficermagazine.com/cultural-competence/what-is-cultural-competence-how-is-it-measured-2/
What is Culture: Basic Elements of Culture and Features. (n.d.). Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.sociologygroup.com/elements-of-culture-basic-elements-of-culture/
Whiten, A., Hinde, R. A., Laland, K. N., & Stringer, C. B. (2011). Culture Evolves. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366(1567), 938–948. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0372
Zulkefli, N. A. (2019). Hubungan Etnik. https://www.academia.edu/37008668/KEBUDAYAAN_PELBAGAI_ETNIK_DI_MALAYSIA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
UiTM Press (the Publisher) has agreed to publish the undersigned author’s paper in Idealogy Journal. The agreement is contingent upon the fulfilment of a number of requirements listed below.
1. The undersigned author warrants that the paper entitled below is original, that it is not in any way libellous or unlawful in Malaysia, that it does not infringe any copyright or other proprietary right. The undersigned hereby represents and warrants that he/she is the author of the paper, except for material that is clearly identified as to its original source, with permission notices from the copyright owners where required. The undersigned represents that he/she has the power and authority to sign and execute this agreement.
2. The undersigned author warrants that the paper entitled below has not been published elsewhere, and also it will not be submitted anywhere else for publication prior to acceptance/rejection by this Journal.
3. By submitting the paper entitled below, the undersigned author agrees to transfer the rights to publish and distribute the paper in an international e-journal (entitled above) to Publisher.
4. The undersigned author agrees to make a reasonable effort to conform to Publisher's submission guidelines and to liaise with the editor to ensure that the requirements of these guidelines are met to a reasonable degree.
5. The corresponding author signs for and accepts responsibility for releasing this material on behalf of any and all coauthors. This agreement is to be signed by at least one of the authors who has obtained the assent of the co-author(s) where applicable. After submission of this agreement signed by the corresponding author, changes of authorship or in the order of the authors listed will not be accepted.