Pandangan R.O. Winstedt mengenai perwarisan harta di Tanah Melayu perbandingan keatas Undang-Undang Islam dan Adat Pepatih
View of R.O. Winstedt on Property Inheritance in Malay Lands: A Comparison of Islamic Law and Perpatih Customs
Abstract
R.O. Winstedt merupakan seorang orientalis yang berkhidmat di Tanah Melayu sebagai pentadbir British. Bentuk pemikiran beliau berteraskan falsafah positifisme empirik logik iaitu fahaman yang mementingkan penggunaan akal sepenuhnya sebagai pendekatan utama bagi mendapatkan sesuatu fakta keilmuan dengan tepat berdasarkan kaedah penelitian yang sistematik dan teliti. Falsafah ini menolak pembuktian sesuatu fakta menggunakan sumber wahyu kerana dianggap tidak releven dalam pembuktian sejarah. Artikel ini menumpukan kepada analisa terhadap pandangan Winstedt mengenai perwarisan harta di Tanah Melayu dengan membuat perbandingan antara undang-undang Islam dan Adat Perpatih. Selain itu, penelitian dibuat bagi mengenalpasti pendekatan orientalis dalam menilai Islam dan masyarakat Melayu. Penulis menggunakan kaedah pensejarahan, perbandingan dan analisis kandungan bagi menganalisis pandangan tersebut. Hasil kajian mendapati pendekatan pemikiran orientalis khususnya Winstedt dalam menilai Islam terutamanya sistem perundangan memperlihatkan sudut pandangan yang meragukan dan pertimbangan yang berat sebelah. Dalam isu perwarisan harta, Winstedt beranggapan undang-undang Islam dan adat tidak boleh dilaksanakan bersama kerana undang-undang Islam pada tanggapan orientalis, kandungannya tidak sesuai untuk diamalkan di Tanah Melayu disebabkan perbezaan budaya dan tempat tinggal. Hal ini berpunca dari kelemahan golongan orientalis dalam memahami kandungan Islam disebabkan latar belakang pemikiran yang berpusatkan Eropah iaitu Eurocentrism. Pemikiran ini mengangkat bangsa Eropah sebagai bangsa yang hebat dan bertamadun berbanding bangsa lain hingga digelar “ambassador of civilization” iaitu penyelamat kepada bangsa yang perlu ditamadunkan.
Kata kunci: Undang-undang Islam, Undang-undang Adat Perpatih, Tanah Melayu, Falsafah Positifisme Empirik Logik, Orientalis
ABSTRACT
R.O. Winstedt was an orientalist who served in Malaya as a British administrator. His viewpoint is based on the philosophy of logical-empirical positivism, which is an understanding that fully emphasizes the use of common sense as the primary approach to obtaining a scientific fact based on systematic and thorough research methods. This philosophy rejects the proof of a fact using revelation sources because it is considered irrelevant in historical evidence. This article focuses on analyzing Winstedt's views on property inheritance in Malaya by making a comparison between Islamic law and Perpatih Custom. In addition, the observation aims to identify the orientalist's approach to evaluating Islam and the Malay community. The author uses historical, comparative, and content analysis methods to analyze the views. The results of the study found that Winstedt's orientalist approach to evaluating Islam, especially the legal system, showed a dubious point of view and biased judgment. In the issue of property inheritance, Winstedt believes that Islamic law and custom do not work conjointly because in the orientalist view, the Islamic system is not suitable to be practiced in Malaya due to differences in culture and place of residence. This is caused by the orientalists' incomprehension of Islamic law due to their Eurocentrism worldview. This thinking favors the European nation as a great and civilized nation over non-western nations to the point of being called "ambassador of civilization," which is the savior of nations that need to be civilized.
Keywords: Islamic Law, Perpatih Customary Law, Malaya, logical empirical positivism philosophy, Orientalist
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